{"id":2096,"date":"2024-11-10T21:32:17","date_gmt":"2024-11-10T13:32:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mpob.gov.my\/layout-04\/?page_id=2096"},"modified":"2025-10-29T18:42:28","modified_gmt":"2025-10-29T10:42:28","slug":"faqs","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mpob.gov.my\/ms\/faqs\/","title":{"rendered":"FAQs"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2096\" class=\"elementor elementor-2096\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0ed6d0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f0ed6d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c2a7cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-advance-accordion\" data-id=\"9c2a7cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-advance-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\">\n\n        <div class=\"elementskit-accordion accoedion-primary\" id=\"accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n\n            \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-0-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-b48d9c769e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-b48d9c769e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-b48d9c769e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What are fats?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-b48d9c769e432c160c73\" class=\" show collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-0-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"b48d9c7\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"b48d9c7\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2107\" class=\"elementor elementor-2107\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76f58b8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"76f58b8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6af895a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6af895a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><em>Keyword : fats, oils\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p>Fats are predominantly triesters of fatty acids and glycerol \u2013 commonly known as triglycerides. Triglycerides that appear as solid at room temperature are normally called fats while those that are liquid are referred to as oils.\u00a0Fat is a vital nutrient that provides the body with energy as well as acts as a source of essential fatty acids. Current dietary recommendations are that fats should supply no more than 30% of a person\u2019s energy requirement. In terms of energy value a gram of fat yields 9 cal of energy compared to 6 cal\/g for starch and proteins.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-1-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-cd4d2bc69e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-cd4d2bc69e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-cd4d2bc69e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-cd4d2bc69e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-1-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"cd4d2bc\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"cd4d2bc\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2141\" class=\"elementor elementor-2141\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40c7c65 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"40c7c65\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e111d4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e111d4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><em>Keyword : saturated, unsaturated, fatty acid<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p>Saturated fatty acids are those which have only single carbon-to-carbon bonds ( C-C ). These fatty acids are very stable. Examples of saturated fatty acids are palmitic acid, C16:0 and stearic acid, C18:0. Unsaturated fatty acids contain carbon-to-carbon double bonds ( C=C ). When only one double bond is present in the carbon chain, the fatty acid is called monounsaturated ( e.g. oleic acid, C18:1 ). When there are more than one double-bond, then the fatty acid is called polyunsaturated ( e.g. linoleic acid, C18:2 and linolenic acid, C18:3 )<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-2-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-297b70a69e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-297b70a69e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-297b70a69e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">How stable are unsaturated fatty acids?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-297b70a69e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-2-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"297b70a\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"297b70a\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2146\" class=\"elementor elementor-2146\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f8d680 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3f8d680\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9153906 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9153906\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><em>Keyword : stable, unsaturated\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p>Generally the more unsaturated the fatty acid, the more unstable it will be. The chemical reactivity of polyunsaturated fatty acid also depends on the positions of the double bonds. Reactivity increases substantially if the double bonds are conjugated\u00a0<br \/>( separated by only one single bond ) or methylene-interupted\u00a0<br \/>( separated by a \u2013 CH2 unit )<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-3-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-228086769e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-228086769e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-228086769e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">How does the length of carbon chains in fatty acids affect the melting point of oils and fats?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-228086769e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-3-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"2280867\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"2280867\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2159\" class=\"elementor elementor-2159\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e14489 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4e14489\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dcab31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5dcab31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><em>Keyword : chain length, melting point<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p>The melting points of fatty acids generally increase with:-<\/p><ul><li>increasing chain length<\/li><li>increasing saturation<\/li><li>changing of a\u00a0<em>cis<\/em>-to a\u00a0<em>trans-<\/em>isomer<\/li><\/ul><p>Thus a short chain saturated fatty acid such as butyric acid will have a lower melting point than long chain saturated fatty acids\u00a0<br \/>( e.g. palmitic acid ) and even some higher chain length unsaturated fatty acids ( e.g. oleic acid ). This property is reflected when the fatty acids form part of a triglyceride. The more saturated oil or fat may not necessarily have a higher melting point. For example, coconut oil which is about 87% saturated, but contains a high proportion of short chain fatty acids, has a melting range of 24\u00b0C \u2013 26\u00b0C while palm oil which is about 49% saturated has a melting point in the range of 31\u00b0C \u2013 38\u00b0C.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-4-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-ffc2ee069e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-ffc2ee069e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-ffc2ee069e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What are cis-and trans-fatty acids?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-ffc2ee069e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-4-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"ffc2ee0\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"ffc2ee0\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35120\" class=\"elementor elementor-35120\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11526ef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"11526ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec8531f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ec8531f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"5\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1145\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword : cis, trans\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The term cis and trans describe the configuration of the hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atoms in double bonds of unsaturated oils. In the cis-configuration, these hydrogen atoms are located on the same side of the plane containing the carbon to carbon double bonds. Most naturally occurring fatty acids are cis isomers, but small quantities of trans fatty acids do occur naturally in ruminant fats and dairy products. However, partial hydrogenation will cause the formation of trans-fatty acids.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-5-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-a8d0dd869e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-a8d0dd869e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-a8d0dd869e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What is deodorization?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-a8d0dd869e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-5-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"a8d0dd8\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"a8d0dd8\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35132\" class=\"elementor elementor-35132\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5df6b9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f5df6b9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4072b96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4072b96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"6\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1146\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword : deodorization\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Deodorization is the high temperature process in which trace constituents which give undesirable flavours and odors are removed from fat or oil. The process essentially involves the removal of these volatile components by steam at about 240-260\u00b0C under a vacuum of 2-5 mbars.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-6-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-f1c8c0c69e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-f1c8c0c69e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-f1c8c0c69e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What is bleaching?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-f1c8c0c69e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-6-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"f1c8c0c\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"f1c8c0c\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35153\" class=\"elementor elementor-35153\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71a46f1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"71a46f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ffa59b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ffa59b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1147\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"7\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1147\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword : bleaching, colour<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The term bleaching refers to the process in which the colour of the oil is reduced by removal of the colour producing substances \u2013 i.e. pigments. Bleaching is part of the refining process and involves in part the adsorption of colour producing materials on an adsorbent material called bleaching earth. Usually, bleaching earth does not remove all the colour producing materials, much of which are actually removed by thermal destruction during the deodorization process.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-7-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-c622cbf69e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-c622cbf69e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-c622cbf69e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What is hydrogenation?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-c622cbf69e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-7-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"c622cbf\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"c622cbf\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35168\" class=\"elementor elementor-35168\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b7b7a0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3b7b7a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3b51ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3b51ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1148\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"8\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1148\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword : hydrogenation<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Hydrogenation is the process most commonly used to convert liquid oils into products which have different consistencies, melting points, and textures. It is a catalytic process in which the number of double bonds are reduced and at the same time, isomerization of residual fatty acids promoted. Liquid oils with unsaturated triglycerides are transformed into fats containing a higher percentage of saturated triglycerides.The complex system consists of three phases; liquid oil, gaseous hydrogen and solid catalyst ( the most widely used is nickel ). As hydrogenation progresses, there is a gradual increase in the melting point of the oil or fat. Upon full hydrogenation, whereby the double bonds are eliminated entirely, the product is a hard brittle solid at room temperature.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The overall hydrogenation rate depends on the quality of the reactant involved; the degree of refining of the oil to be hydrogenated; the activity, concentration and nature of the catalyst; hydrogen pressure; reaction temperature; and stirring.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-8-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-d0f43f369e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-d0f43f369e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-d0f43f369e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What is fractionation?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-d0f43f369e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-8-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"d0f43f3\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"d0f43f3\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35180\" class=\"elementor elementor-35180\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09bfbf7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"09bfbf7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6b0e78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c6b0e78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1149\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"9\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1149\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em><strong>What is fractionation?<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Fractionation is the process used to separate the lower melting point triglycerides from the higher melting point triglycerides. The process is based on the difference of melting points of the various triglycerides and involves crystallization which helps separate the solids from liquids. There are essentially three types of fractionation, i.e. dry fractionation, detergent fractionation and solvent fractionation. All three involve the gradual lowering of temperature to induce crystallization and hence separation of higher melting point triglycerides ( solid component \u2013 called stearin ) from the lower melting point triglycerides ( liquid component \u2013 called olein ).<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-9-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-ac269e569e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-ac269e569e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-ac269e569e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What is dry fractionation?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-ac269e569e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-9-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"ac269e5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"ac269e5\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35192\" class=\"elementor elementor-35192\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3ecc1b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d3ecc1b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cfc5521 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cfc5521\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword : dry fractionation<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Dry fractionation is the process in which separation of the solid from liquid portion of the oil is achieved by a process of gradual cooling a preheated oil. The preheating ( to about 70\u00b0C ) is done to destroy any crystal present. Crystal formation and growth occurs as the oil is agitated and cooled using chilled water circulating in the jackets or cooling coils of the crystallizers. When the oil reaches the desired temperature, the cooling is stopped. The oil which is in the form of slurry is then filtered to separate the solid stearin from liquid olein.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-10-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-607d49869e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-607d49869e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-607d49869e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What is detergent fractionation?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-607d49869e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-10-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"607d498\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"607d498\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35204\" class=\"elementor elementor-35204\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e6b365 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7e6b365\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3123ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3123ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11411\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"11\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11411\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword : detergent fractionation<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The process involves crystallization of the oil and separation of fractions aided by a detergent ( sodium lauryl sulphate solution ) and an electrolyte ( magnesium sulphate ). The electrolyte helps in agglomeration of oil droplets formed during the mixing process. The detergent helps in fractionation as it wets the stearin crystals and displaces occluded and entrained olein. The lower density olein can be separated from the stearin-detergent mixture of higher density by centrifuging. The traces of detergent in olein can be removed by washing. The heavier stearin phase containing most of the detergent is heated to melt the stearin and then sent to a second centrifuge where the stearin is separated from the detergent. The detergent separated from the stearin is then recycled.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-11-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-69e8f9a69e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-69e8f9a69e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-69e8f9a69e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What is solvent fractionation?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-69e8f9a69e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-11-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"69e8f9a\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"69e8f9a\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35216\" class=\"elementor elementor-35216\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d466f87 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d466f87\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2773faa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2773faa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword : solvent fractionation\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Solvent fractionation is a process involving the crystallization of a desired fraction from a mixture of triglycerides dissolved in a suitable solvent. Fractions may be selectively crystallized at different temperatures after which they are separated and the solvent removed. The two common solvents used are hexane and acetone. Cooling is done by chilled water, or if very low temperatures are desired, brine. The olein\/stearin fractions are separated by a process of filtration.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-12-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-5dceac169e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-5dceac169e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-5dceac169e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What is interesterification?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-5dceac169e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-12-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"5dceac1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"5dceac1\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35228\" class=\"elementor elementor-35228\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ae8baa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9ae8baa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c8a673 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c8a673\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11413\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"13\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11413\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword : interesterification<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Interesterification is essentially is a process which involves the rearrangement or redistribution of fatty acids attached to the glycerol part of the triglyceride molecule. The rearrangement can be either in random or direct manner \u2013 depending on the processing conditions. The reaction involved generally falls into one of the following categories:<\/span><\/p><ul style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Acidolysis \u2013 reaction of fatty ester with an acid \u2013 usually a fatty acid<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Alcoholysis \u2013 reaction between fat and alcohol<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Transesterification \u2013 exchange of acid radicals from one ester to another<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">When carried out in the presence of catalysts, interesterification can be done at relatively low temperatures than when it is carried out without catalysts. The most commonly used catalysts are sodium methylate and ethylate, followed by sodium metal, sodium\/potassium alloy and the hydroxide of sodium and potassium in combination with glycerol.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-13-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-e2c986669e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-e2c986669e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-e2c986669e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">Palm oil is derived from the mesocarp of the palm fruitwhile palm kernel oil is derived from the kernel of the fruit. Are there any differences in the physical and chemical properties of the two oils?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-e2c986669e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-13-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"e2c9866\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"e2c9866\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35240\" class=\"elementor elementor-35240\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34957aa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"34957aa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f1f27f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8f1f27f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword : physical, chemical properties<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Yes, there are great differences in their physical and chemical properties. Oils and fats are made up mostly of triglycerides with some non-glyceridic materials in small or trace quantities. Difference in chemical composition reflect themselves in differences in physical properties as well. The differences between the two oil are as follows :<\/span><\/p><table class=\"alignleft\" border=\"1\" width=\"100%\" cellpadding=\"5\"><tbody><tr><td>\u00a0<\/td><td><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Palm Oil (PO)<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"6%\"><p align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p><\/td><td width=\"44%\"><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Palm Kernel Oil (PKO)<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr valign=\"top\"><td rowspan=\"4\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>1.<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td width=\"44%\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Chemical properties<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">PO consists mainly of palmitic acid C16:0 (43.7%), stearic acid C18:0 (4.4%), oleic acid C18:1 (39.9%) and linoleic acid C18:2 (10.3%)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td rowspan=\"4\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>1.<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td width=\"44%\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Chemical Properties<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">PKO closely resembles coconut oil in its fatty acid (FA) composition. It has a higher content of shorter chain FA, lauric acid C12:0 (48%) and myristic acid C14:0 (16%) approx.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\" width=\"44%\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Minor components<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"44%\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Minor components<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\" width=\"44%\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Carotenoids: 500-700 ppm<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Tocopherols\/ tocotrienols: 600-1000 ppm<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"44%\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Carotenoids: very low levels<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Tocopherols\/ tocotrienols: Tocopherols level similar to PO but only traces of tocotrienols<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\" width=\"44%\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Cholesterol<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Average: 18 ppm<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Palm oil has very low levels of cholesterol as similar to other vegetable oils. The value is even lower in RBD PO<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"44%\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Cholesterol<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Average: 17 ppm <\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr valign=\"top\"><td width=\"6%\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>2.<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td width=\"44%\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Physical properties<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Palm oil can be separated by physical processes into 2 fractions, i.e. solid (stearin) and liquid (olein)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"6%\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>2.<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td width=\"44%\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Physical properties<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In temperate climates, PKO is a sharp melting fat very suitable for confectionery and similar uses. PK stearin has physical properties very similar to cocoa butter and makes the best Cocoa Butter Substitute (CBS)<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-14-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-5ad3ff369e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-5ad3ff369e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-5ad3ff369e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What is the fatty acid composition of palm oil and its associated products?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-5ad3ff369e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-14-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"5ad3ff3\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"5ad3ff3\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35255\" class=\"elementor elementor-35255\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f351a9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f351a9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13f6203 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"13f6203\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11415\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"15\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11415\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword : fatty acid composition<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The table below gives the typical fatty acid composition of various palm oil products available in the market now.<\/span><\/p><table class=\"alignleft\" border=\"1\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" align=\"center\"><tbody><tr><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Fatty Acid<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Name<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"11%\"><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>CPO<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>CP Olein<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Super Olein<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>CP Stearin<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C12:0<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"30%\"><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Lauric Acid<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">0.1<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">0.3<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">0.4<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">0.25<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C14:0<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Myristic Acid<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1.0<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1.0<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1.1<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1.45<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C16:0<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Palmitic Acid<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">43.7<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">39.8<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">31.5<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">62.2<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C16:1<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Palmitoleic Acid<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">0.1<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">0.2<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2013<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">0.07<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C18:0<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Stearic Acid<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">4.4<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">4.4<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">3.2<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">5.0<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C18:1<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Oleic Acid<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">39.9<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">42.4<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">49.2<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">24.8<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C18:2<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Linoleic Acid<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">10.3<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">11.2<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">13.7<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">5.9<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C18:3<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Linolenic Acid<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2013<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">0.4<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">0.3<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">0.3<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C20:0<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Arachidic Acid<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">0.3<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">0.4<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">0.4<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"right\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">0.45<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">CPO : Crude Palm Oil<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">CP Olein : Crude Palm Olein<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">CP Stearin : Crude Palm Stearin<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-15-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-1bc58b969e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-1bc58b969e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-1bc58b969e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What are the important requirements for ensuring production of CPO with the lowest possible FFA?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-1bc58b969e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-15-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"1bc58b9\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"1bc58b9\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35270\" class=\"elementor elementor-35270\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c7bcfc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5c7bcfc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f9a641 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8f9a641\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11416\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"16\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11416\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword : low free fatty acid, processing<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The following are some of the most important requirements.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Minimal bruising of the fruit during harvesting, carriage and movement at the mill side.<\/span><\/p><ol><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Minimal time lapse between harvesting and sterilization.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The processing system must be such that the fruit or extracted oil do not cool down and come into contact with apparatus or material which could cause a recommencement of lipolysis.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-16-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-6e99d0d69e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-6e99d0d69e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-6e99d0d69e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What is superolein ?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-6e99d0d69e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-16-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"6e99d0d\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"6e99d0d\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35282\" class=\"elementor elementor-35282\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a33812 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4a33812\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b30ca9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b30ca9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11417\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"17\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11417\"><p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword : superolein<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Fractionation of palm oil yields olein (liquid) and stearin (solid) fractions. Further fractionation of the olein component yields double-fractionated olein and palm mid-fraction (PMF). The olein thus obtained is usually called superolein as it has a high Iodine Value (IV) and therefore has a lower cloud point.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">At present, there is no international standard for superolein. Individual countries, therefore, may have their own standards.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Malaysian superolein (or double fractionated palm olein) is traded under the PORAM standards which are as follows:-<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Free Fatty Acid (FFA) 0.1% max<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Moisture &amp; Impurities (M+I) 0.1% max<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Iodine Value (IV) 60 min<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Slip Melting Point (SMP) 19\u00b0 max<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Colour (5 1\/4\u201d Lovibond) 3 Red max<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-17-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-fc20c7069e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-fc20c7069e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-fc20c7069e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What is the most suitable processing cycle for crude palm oil to be processed into a fully edible oil for international exports?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-fc20c7069e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-17-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"fc20c70\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"fc20c70\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35294\" class=\"elementor elementor-35294\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17c00ba e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"17c00ba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4fe842 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4fe842\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11418\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"18\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11418\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword: processing<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Crude Palm Oil (CPO) in Malaysia is normally refined, bleached and deodorized by physical means to give Refined, Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBD PO). A much smaller quantity is neutralized chemically (with sodium hydroxide solution) and then bleached and deodorized to give Neutralized Bleached, Deodorized Palm Oil (NBD PO), which some people prefer for certain specialized uses.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The physical process gives a by-product of high Free Fatty Acid (FFA) called Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) and the chemical process gives the byproduct called palm acid oil (PAO) with a somewhat lower acidity than PFAD.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Palm Oil is a soft plastic fat of medium melting point (m.pt.) (33-39\u00b0 C). In order to expand the range of its uses, very large quantities are fractionated by physical means to give a liquid or semi-liquid fraction (m.pt. 24\u00b0 C max) called olein and a much harder fraction (m.pt.44\u00b0 C min) called stearin.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Increasing quantities of standard olein are fractionated again to give double fractionated olein which remains liquid at lower temperatures (m.pt. 19\u00b0 C max). This process also produces Palm Mid Fraction (PMF) which is used in all true Cocoa Butter Equivalents (CBEs) made in the West.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-18-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-36b6a6569e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-36b6a6569e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-36b6a6569e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">A recent report in the medical journal, Lancet confirmed that regular high intake of vitamin E protects against heart disease. Is there enough Vitamin E in the world to satisfy the potential demand?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-36b6a6569e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-18-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"36b6a65\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"36b6a65\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35309\" class=\"elementor elementor-35309\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30fd1a3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"30fd1a3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcb6ed9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bcb6ed9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11419\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"19\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11419\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword: vitamin e, nutrition<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Heart disease remains the biggest cause of death (especially in the Western countries) and it increases with age. Even in the developing countries, heart disease is on the increase and rising towards the level found in the developed countries.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A team of medical scientist at Cambridge University studied the effect of vitamin E supplements on the health of 2000 patients who had suffered a previous heart attack. They found that regular high doses of vitamin E of over 400 IU per day reduced the risk of a second heart attack by 75%.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">At present, the main source of vitamin E is the deodorizer distillate from soyabean oil refining but the oil palm is by far the largest potential source. CPO contains 0.08% tocopherols and tocotrienols. Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD), 0.4%, and palm leaflets 0.5% (dry basis). It can be calculated that the amount of vitamin E which could be theoretically produced in Malaysia as follows:<\/span><\/p><table class=\"alignleft\" border=\"1\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" align=\"center\"><tbody><tr><td valign=\"top\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Year<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>From Oil Palm Leaflets (Tonnes)<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>From PFAD (Tonnes)<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1985<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">23,700<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">562<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1990<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"40%\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">28,000<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">870<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2000 Est<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">46,000<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1370<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">If the vitamin E from oil palm leaflets and PFAD sources were fully exploited, it would be enough to meet the daily requirements of the whole world population in the year 2000.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-19-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-7f7b49969e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-7f7b49969e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-7f7b49969e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">How is the odour of crude oil removed and appearance improved to meet consumer demands?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-7f7b49969e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-19-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"7f7b499\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"7f7b499\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35321\" class=\"elementor elementor-35321\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b429be5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b429be5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af63125 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"af63125\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11420\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"20\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11420\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword: refining<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The above objectives are achieved by the refining process. In the physical refining process which is used in Malaysia for palm oil, the oil is first bleached with activated clay and then subjected to steam distillation under high vacuum. This process removes the free fatty acids and the odouriferous compounds and further bleaches the oil to a pale yellow or white colour when set.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-20-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-386685569e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-386685569e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-386685569e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">Bleaching earth has been the best known method for bleaching the colour of palm oil. Are there any new developments in the bleaching of oils?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-386685569e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-20-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"3866855\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"3866855\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35333\" class=\"elementor elementor-35333\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb69cd1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fb69cd1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b0ee57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b0ee57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11421\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"21\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11421\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword : bleaching earth<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The use of activated bleaching earth (clay) in the processing of oils and fats has a long and successful history.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Bleaching earths have gradually and steadily improved in quality so that with reasonably good crude palm oil, addition of about 1% enables the desired final colour limit of 3 RED (5.25 inch Lovibond cell) to be reached every time.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">But the performance of a bleaching earth cannot be assessed on colour considerations alone because the removal of phosphatides and trace metals is also very important in ensuring maximum stability to oxidation and resistance to flavour deterioration.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Now new materials are challenging the position of bleaching earth e.g. the development of silica hydrogel which, when used to replace part of the bleaching earth, lead to equally good colour values in the finished oil, and also much better removal of phosphatides.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Thus, 0.3% hydrogel plus 0.6% bleaching earth gives better removal of trace metals and gums than 1.3% bleaching earth alone.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-21-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-e888ebf69e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-e888ebf69e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-e888ebf69e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What is vanaspati ?Can palm oil be used in its formulation?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-e888ebf69e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-21-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"e888ebf\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"e888ebf\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35345\" class=\"elementor elementor-35345\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cde9ee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1cde9ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a3b730 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a3b730\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11422\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"22\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11422\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword: vanaspati<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Vanaspati is a homogenous blend of edible vegetable oils such as cottonseed oil, soybean oil, palm oil, rice-bran oil, maize oil and mahua oil, which are refined to remove impurities and colour, deodorized to remove odour in oils and hydrogenated to form a nutritious and pure cooking fat.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Only vegetable oils are permitted in vanaspati.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Vanaspati is a cooking fat originally developed as an alternative to the traditional butter fat ghee. Vanaspati is semi solid and has a coarse granular structure at ambient temperature with crystals 1-2 mm in size, but is usually required to have a melting point of 37\u00b0C \u2013 39\u00b0C. To the housewives, vanaspati offers distinct advantages. Food cooked in vanaspati has no characteristic flavour of edible oils. It has longer shelf-life and therefore, can be kept for a longer period. Some sweets and confectionery items of daily use which require a hard fat can only be made with vanaspati and not with liquid oils or ghee. Originally vanaspati was made from hydrogenated vegetable oils but hydrogenation is a fairly costly process and produces undesirable trans fatty acids.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Palm oil has similar physical characteristics to vanaspati such as melting point of about 36\u00b0C and semi-solid consistency at ambient temperature, and although it does not naturally develop the desired granular appearance, this can be improved by interesterification.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Formulations based on interesterified blends of palm oil and its products (especially palm stearin) with a variety of other vegetable oils have been tested by PORIM with good results. All the tested samples were similar to the conventional hydrogenated vanaspati with respect to melting characteristics and physical appearance, including granulation and phase separation but most important, they were free of trans fatty acids.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-22-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-130f52669e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-130f52669e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-130f52669e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What is the reason for variations and inaccuracies in density determination of oils?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-130f52669e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-22-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"130f526\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"130f526\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35357\" class=\"elementor elementor-35357\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f44956 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6f44956\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a374cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a374cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11423\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"23\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11423\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword: density<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The main reasons are non-homogeneity of the oil in storage, thermometer calibration, and other experimental errors.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Heating alone, even though at recommended storage temperatures, may not be enough to ensure a completely homogeneous and representative sample, especially in large storage tanks. This inevitably leads to inaccuracies in density determination.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The use of stirrers or agitators in combination with heating helps to produce a more homogeneous liquid and more uniform temperature readings. Care should be taken never to allow oils to cool below recommended storage temperatures such that heating becomes ineffective in producing a homogeneous liquid.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-23-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-e8a728569e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-e8a728569e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-e8a728569e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What is the usual range of major fatty acids in commercial cooking oils?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-e8a728569e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-23-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"e8a7285\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"e8a7285\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35369\" class=\"elementor elementor-35369\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b967aea e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b967aea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-351dfae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"351dfae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11424\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"24\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11424\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword: fatty acids, cooking oils<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The most common fatty acids in commercial cooking oils are the palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids. The range is very wide depending on the oil, but for Malaysian palm oil it is as follows:-<\/span><\/p><table class=\"alignleft\" border=\"1\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" align=\"center\"><tbody><tr><td valign=\"top\">\u00a0<\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>%<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Myristic<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">0.7 \u2013 1.0<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Palmitic<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">36.7 \u2013 39.4<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Stearic<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">3.6 \u2013 4.4<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Oleic<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">43.6 \u2013 45.3<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Linoleic<\/span><\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">10.8 \u2013 12.1<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-24-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-ce1738769e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-ce1738769e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-ce1738769e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What are trans free food products and why are they healthier?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-ce1738769e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-24-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"ce17387\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"ce17387\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35381\" class=\"elementor elementor-35381\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1680b18 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1680b18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21090b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"21090b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11425\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"25\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11425\"><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword: trans free\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Foods products are said to be trans free if they contain no significant levels of trans fatty acids. They are formulated without the use of hydrogenated oils or animal fats which always contain some trans fatty acid.<\/span><\/p><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Some nutritional studies have shown that dietary trans fatty acids have adverse effects on health e.g. they have been shown to reduce the level of the beneficial HDL-cholesterol, and raise the level of the atherogenic LDL-cholesterol, so altering the LDL\/HDL-cholesterol ratio detrimentally. These changes increase the risk of heart disease.<\/span><\/p><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Trans fatty acids also increase the level of lipoprotein Lp@, which is an independent and powerful risk factor for heart disease.Several other studies have implicated trans fatty acids in increasing the risk of cancer, interfering with fat metabolism and reducing the body\u2019s ability to rid itself of carcinogens, drugs and other toxins.Thus it is not surprising that many products use palm oil as natural source of trans free fatty acids.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-25-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-e3bd8d669e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-e3bd8d669e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-e3bd8d669e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What are lipids?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-e3bd8d669e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-25-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"e3bd8d6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"e3bd8d6\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35402\" class=\"elementor elementor-35402\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d63e449 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d63e449\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b042131 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b042131\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11426\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"26\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11426\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword: lipids\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The term \u201clipids\u201d embraces a variety of chemical substances. In addition to triglycerides, lipids also include mono- and diglycerides, phosphatides, cerebosides, sterols, terpenes, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins and other substances.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-26-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-08168ff69e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-08168ff69e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-08168ff69e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What are vegetable oils?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-08168ff69e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-26-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"08168ff\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"08168ff\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35414\" class=\"elementor elementor-35414\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba3529d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ba3529d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57f54c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"57f54c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11427\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"27\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11427\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword: vegetable oils\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Vegetable oils are those oils that are derived from plant sources. Palm oil, corn oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, coconut oil and palm oil are all examples of vegetable oils.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-27-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-d006c9169e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-d006c9169e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-d006c9169e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">How are fatty acids classified?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-d006c9169e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-27-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"d006c91\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"d006c91\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35426\" class=\"elementor elementor-35426\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-594b8ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"594b8ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50e9d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a50e9d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11428\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"28\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11428\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword: fatty acids, classification, saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, double bonds<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Fatty acids naturally occurring in edible fats and oils are classified according to their degree of saturation: \u2013<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Saturated Fatty Acids \u2014 Fatty acids containing only single carbon-to-carbon bonds are termed \u201csaturated\u201d and are the least reactive chemically. The melting point of saturated fatty acids increases with chain length. Decanoic and longer chain acids are solids at normal room temperatures.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Unsaturated Fatty Acids \u2014 Unsaturated fatty acids containing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds are termed \u201cunsaturated\u201d. When the fatty acid contains one double bond it is called \u201cmonounsaturated\u201d or \u201cmonoenoic\u201d. If it contains more than one double bond, it is called \u201cpolyunsaturated\u201d or \u201cpolyenoic\u201d.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-28-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-9efe0da69e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-9efe0da69e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-9efe0da69e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-9efe0da69e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-28-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"9efe0da\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"9efe0da\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35441\" class=\"elementor elementor-35441\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb2f8f6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bb2f8f6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69e1e5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"69e1e5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11429\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"29\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11429\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>keyword: polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFA,linoleic acid, linolenic acid\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">These are fatty acids having two or more double bonds in their carbon chain. The most common polyunsaturated fatty acids are linoleic acid (C18: 2) and linolenic acid (C18:3). Corn oil, sunflower oil and soybean oil are examples of vegetable oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Palm oil contains about 10% linoleic acid and about 0.5% linolenic acid.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-29-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-c681c4869e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-c681c4869e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-c681c4869e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What are the differences between palm oil and palm kernel oil? <\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-c681c4869e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-29-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"c681c48\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"c681c48\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35453\" class=\"elementor elementor-35453\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb13843 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"eb13843\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9ec455 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c9ec455\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11429\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"29\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11429\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword: palm oil, palm kernel oil, composition<\/em><\/strong><br \/><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Palm oil is derived from the mesocarp of the palm fruit, while palm kernel oil is derived from the kernel of the fruit. The chemical characteristics of the two oils differ in terms of the fatty acid composition. Differences in chemical composition reflect themselves in differences in physical properties as well. The main differences in the chemical composition of the two oils are as follows: \u2013<br \/><\/span><\/p><table class=\"alignleft\" style=\"text-align: justify; border-collapse: collapse;\" border=\"1\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" align=\"center\"><tbody><tr><td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Palm Oil<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Palm Kernel Oil<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Consists mainly of palmitic acid C16:0 43.7%, stearic acid C18:0 4.4%, oleic acid C18:1 39.9%, and linoleic acid 10.3%<\/span><\/td><td valign=\"top\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Consists mainly of lauric acid C12:0 48%, and myristic acid C14:0 16%<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-30-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-5a2c7e869e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-5a2c7e869e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-5a2c7e869e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">How does palm oil differ from coconut oil?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-5a2c7e869e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-30-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"5a2c7e8\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"5a2c7e8\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35465\" class=\"elementor elementor-35465\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b1c195 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6b1c195\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f559d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f559d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword: palm oil, coconut oil, fatty acids<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Palm oil is composed of about 44% palmitic acid (C16: 0), 40% oleic acid (C18: 1) and 10% linoleic acid (C18: 2). Palm oil is thus a balanced oil as it contains roughly equal amounts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Coconut oil however contains about 87% saturated fatty acids in the form of 44.6% lauric acid (C12: 0), 16.8% myristic acid (C14: 0), 8.2% palmitic acid (C16: 0), 7.5% caprylic acid (C8: 0), 6.0% capric acid (C10: 0). The unsaturated fatty acids in coconut oil are 5.8% oleic acid (C18: 1) and 1.8% linoleic acid (C18: 2).<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Though palmitic acid, the predominant fatty acid in palm oil is a saturated fatty acid, it has been found to be less hypercholesterolemic than shorter chain saturated fatty acids.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-31-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-70f89fb69e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-70f89fb69e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-70f89fb69e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What are the minor components present in crude palm oil?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-70f89fb69e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-31-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"70f89fb\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"70f89fb\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35477\" class=\"elementor elementor-35477\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8172431 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8172431\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5204c25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5204c25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11432\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"32\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11432\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword: Minor components, crude palm oil, carotenoids, carotenes, tocopherols, tocotrienols, sterols, cholesterol, phosphatides<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The minor components in crude palm oil are carotenoids, tocopherols, sterols, phosphatides, triterphenic and aliphatic alcohols. Though these minor components represent less than 1% of palm oil composition, they play a significant role in the stability and refinability of the oil, in addition to increasing its nutritive value.<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Carotenoids<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Crude palm oil contains 500\u2013700 ppm carotenoids, mainly as alpha- and beta-carotenes, the precursors of Vitamin A. Carotenoids are usually thermally destroyed during the deodorization stage of the refining process. Their presence, however, offers some oxidative protection to the oil by themselves being oxidised first prior to the triglycerides.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Tocopherols\/Tocotrienols<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Crude palm oil contains 600\u20131000 ppm tocopherols and tocotrienols. These levels are slightly lower in refined palm oil. The major forms of tocopherols and tocotrienols present in palm oil are alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocotrienols. Tocopherols and tocotrienols are antioxidants and provide some natural oxidative protection to the oil.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Sterols<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The sterols in crude palm oil are in the form of sitosterol (218\u2013370 ppm), campesterol (90\u2013151 ppm), stigmasterol (44\u201366 ppm), cholesterol (7\u201313 ppm) and others (2\u201318 ppm). Upon refining, their levels are reduced to 68\u2013114 ppm, 26\u201330 ppm, 12\u201323 ppm and 2 ppm respectively. It must be emphasised that the cholesterol levels in both crude and refined palm oil are lower than levels in most vegetable oils.<\/span><\/li><li><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Phospholipids and Triterpene Alcohols<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">These components are present in extremely minute amounts in crude palm oil. The main forms of phospholipids are phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol. The triterpene alcohols are present in the form of cycloartanol, beta-Amyrin, cycloartenol and 2,4-Methylene cycloartanol.<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-32-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-0800a3a69e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-0800a3a69e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-0800a3a69e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What are the stages of processing fresh fruit bunches (FFBs)?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-0800a3a69e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-32-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"0800a3a\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"0800a3a\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35489\" class=\"elementor elementor-35489\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80aeb3b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"80aeb3b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27599a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"27599a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11433\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"33\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11433\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword: processing, fresh fruit bunch (FFB), milling, sterilization, clarification, purification, digestion<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The main stages of processing FFBs are: \u2013<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>(i) Sterilization<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Fruit bunches are sterilized by steam at about 140\u00b0C for a period of 75-90 minutes. The main objectives are to deactivate hydrolytic enzymes responsible for the breakdown of oil to free fatty acids; to loosen the fruits from bunches; to coagulate mucilage to facilitate breaking of oil cells and aid recovery of oil; and precondition nuts to minimize kernel breakage.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>(ii) Bunch Stripping<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The fruits are stripped and separated from the bunch in a rotary drum stripper. Fruits are knocked out of the bunch by the lifting and dropping of bunches as they pass through the stripper. The detached fruits fall through the spaces between the bars on the stripper and are collected in a conveyor, which then feeds them into the digester.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>(iii) Digestion<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Digestion involves the mashing up of the fruits under steam heated conditions. The digester is a vertical cylindrical vessel fitted with a rotating staff carrying a number of stirring arms. The action of the stirring arms breaks up the oil-bearing cells of the mesocarp to form a digested mash.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>(iv) Oil Extraction<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Twin screw presses are generally used to press out the oil from the digested mash. Hot water may be added to enhance the oil flow and the crude oil slurry is collected in the crude oil tank for purification. The fibre and nut (press cake) are conveyed to depericarper for separation.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>(v) Clarification and Purification<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The crude palm oil (CPO) mixture from the screw press consists of a mixture of crude oil (35-45%), water (45-55%) and fibrous materials and other solids in varying proportions. The mixture is pumped into a continuous clarification tank. The oil is maintained at about 90\u00b0C to enhance oil separation. The oil is continuously skimmed off the top of the tank while the denser impurities settle at the tank bottom. The oil is passed through a high-speed centrifuge and a vacuum dryer to a moisture content of below 0.1% before being sent to the storage tank.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-33-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-7d191fe69e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-7d191fe69e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-7d191fe69e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What does DOBI refer to?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-7d191fe69e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-33-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"7d191fe\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"7d191fe\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35504\" class=\"elementor elementor-35504\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff3dec1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ff3dec1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-666cd61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"666cd61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11434\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"34\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11434\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword: DOBI, bleachability, crude palm oil <\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Deterioration of Bleachability Index (DOBI) is a ratio of the uncorrected absorbance values at 446 nm to that of at 269 nm. It is an indication of the bleachability of the crude palm oil based on the amount of carotenes still present in the crude oil and the amount of secondary oxidation products. A good easily bleached crude palm oil will have a DOBI of 4, while average quality crude will exhibit a DOBI of 2.5 to 3.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-34-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-9c77d6469e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-9c77d6469e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-9c77d6469e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What is degumming of oils? <\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-9c77d6469e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-34-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"9c77d64\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"9c77d64\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35516\" class=\"elementor elementor-35516\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb5a02a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"eb5a02a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1916e0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1916e0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11435\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"35\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11435\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword: degumming,phosphatides, gums, bleaching<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Fats and oils contain complex organo-phosphorus compounds referred to as phosphatides or more usually, as gums. They are removed during processing by a variety of treatments collectively referred to as degumming. The treatment usually involves hydration with water, orthophosphoric acid, and polybasic organic acids either singly or in combination, followed by centrifuging the precipitated material or by its adsorption on bleaching earth or filter.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-35-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-abd527969e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-abd527969e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-abd527969e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What are palm kernel cakes?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-abd527969e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-35-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"abd5279\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"abd5279\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35528\" class=\"elementor elementor-35528\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a546d0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a546d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73f98e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73f98e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11436\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"36\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11436\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword: palm kernel, palm kernel cake, palm kernel oil<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Palm kernels produced during the milling process of palm fruits contain approximately 50% oil that can be extracted commercially via two methods, i.e. mechanical expression and solvent extraction. Palm kernel cake is the by-product of the oil extraction process. The main use of this product is as an ingredient for compounding animal feed. It has high fibre content and thus is usually used in foods for ruminants such as cattle. However palm kernel cake is also a good source of phytin, which is a precursor of phytic acid and inositol. The latter compounds have many industrial applications. PORIM has patented the extraction process for phytin and is working closely with the local industry to develop further into this new area.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-36-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-b56d0fe69e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-b56d0fe69e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-b56d0fe69e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What is the purpose of refining?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-b56d0fe69e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-36-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"b56d0fe\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"b56d0fe\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35540\" class=\"elementor elementor-35540\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c811cd8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c811cd8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-695c37f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"695c37f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11437\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"37\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11437\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword: refining, chemical, physical\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The aim of refining process is to reduce the free fatty acid content and to remove other gross impurities such as phosphatides, proteinaceous and mucilagenous substances present in crude oils. The process is normally carried out on vegetable oils as animal fats, are usually not refined. The most common method of refining is by treatment of the fat or oil with an alkali solution, i.e. chemical refining. This results in a large reduction of free fatty acids through their conversion into water-soluble soaps. Phosphatides, proteinaceous and mucilagenous substances are soluble in the oil only in an anhydrous form and upon hydration with the caustic or other refining solution are readily separated. Oils low in phosphatide content such as palm and coconut oils, on the other may undergo physical refining, i.e. by the use of stripping steam to distil off the more volatile impurities.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-37-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-dcf5aa869e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-dcf5aa869e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-dcf5aa869e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What is acid oil?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-dcf5aa869e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-37-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"dcf5aa8\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"dcf5aa8\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35552\" class=\"elementor elementor-35552\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8be0f5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a8be0f5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c58b6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c58b6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11438\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"38\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11438\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword: acid oil, soap<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">During alkali refining, free fatty acids are neutralised by the alkali (sodium hydroxide) forming soap stock. This soap stock containing some emulsified neutral oil is separated and acidified with concentrated sulphuric acid to produce oil, which is mainly fatty acid. Acid oil requires further refining or purification before it is used in laundry soap and washing powder.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-38-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-3115f2e69e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-3115f2e69e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-3115f2e69e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What is the purpose of adding citric acid to oils and fats?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-3115f2e69e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-38-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"3115f2e\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"3115f2e\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35564\" class=\"elementor elementor-35564\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76b59f7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"76b59f7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a19cf77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a19cf77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11439\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"39\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11439\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword: citric acid, chelating agent, oxidative properties\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Citric acid is added to oils and fats to improve their oxidative properties. Citric acid acts as chelating agent that deactivates the catalytic activities of pro-oxidant metals such as copper and iron.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-39-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-aa795bd69e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-aa795bd69e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-aa795bd69e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What is the best method for adding citric acid and other antioxidants to palm oil and products during storage and transportation? <\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-aa795bd69e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-39-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"aa795bd\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"aa795bd\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35576\" class=\"elementor elementor-35576\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0aafdb0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0aafdb0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24d0e96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"24d0e96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11440\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"40\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11440\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword: antioxidant, handling, transportation, citric acid,oxidation<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Citric acid and other anti-oxidants are best-added on-line at the cooling stage after deodorization i.e. at temperatures of 120\u00baC or lower. It is important to ensure complete dispersion and dissolution of antioxidants in the oil by the incorporation of a static mixer in the line. Citric acid is of course acidic, and therefore if it is not properly mixed, the build-up of localized concentrations could be detrimental to the tank coatings or to mild steel tank walls.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-40-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-b145b9169e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-b145b9169e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-b145b9169e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What does the term &quot;pressing&quot; in the fractionation process mean?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-b145b9169e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-40-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"b145b91\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"b145b91\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35588\" class=\"elementor elementor-35588\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79fa38b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"79fa38b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d89bb41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d89bb41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"41\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11441\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword: pressing, fractionation\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u201cPressing\u201d is sometimes used during the fractionation process to separate small amounts of liquid oil from a larger quantity of solid fat. The process squeezes or presses the liquid oil from the solid fat by means of hydraulic pressure. This process is used commercially to produce hard butters from fats such as palm kernel oil and coconut oil.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                \n                <div class=\"elementskit-card\">\n                    <div class=\"elementskit-card-header\" id=\"primaryHeading-41-9c2a7cf\">\n                        <a href=\"#collapse-54c958869e432c160c73\" class=\"elementskit-btn-link collapsed\" data-ekit-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#Collapse-54c958869e432c160c73\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"Collapse-54c958869e432c160c73\">\n                            \n                            <span class=\"ekit-accordion-title\">What is winterization?<\/span>\n\n                            \n                                <div class=\"ekit_accordion_icon_group\">\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_normal_icon\">\n                                        <!-- Normal Icon -->\n                                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-open icon-left icon icon-down-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <div class=\"ekit_accordion_active_icon\">\n                                    <!-- Active Icon -->\n                                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon-closed icon-left icon icon-up-arrow1\"><\/i>                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n\n                            \n                                                    <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div id=\"Collapse-54c958869e432c160c73\" class=\" collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"primaryHeading-41-9c2a7cf\" data-parent=\"#accordion-69e432c160c73\">\n                      \n                        <div class=\"elementskit-card-body\">\n                            \n\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper widgetarea_warper_editable\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\"  data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"54c9588\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"widgetarea_warper_edit\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-key=\"9c2a7cf\" data-elementskit-widgetarea-index=\"54c9588\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"eicon-edit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Edit Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-widget-area-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35600\" class=\"elementor elementor-35600\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementskit_content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01d95d1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"01d95d1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8361339 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8361339\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-11442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix elementor-active\" role=\"region\" data-tab=\"42\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-11442\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Keyword: winterization, clouding, crystallized<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Winterization is a process whereby a small quantity of higher melting triglycerides is crystallized and removed from edible oils by filtration to avoid clouding of the liquid fractions at refrigeration temperatures. Originally, this processing was applied to cottonseed oil by subjecting the oil to ambient winter temperatures, hence the term \u201cwinterization\u201d. Today, cottonseed oil is chilled using refrigeration and the practice has been extended to other vegetable oils.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div><!-- .elementskit-card END --> \n\n                        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What are fats? Edit Content Keyword : fats, oils\u00a0 Fats are predominantly triesters of fatty acids and glycerol \u2013 commonly known as triglycerides. Triglycerides that appear as solid at room temperature are normally called fats while those that are liquid are referred to as oils.\u00a0Fat is a vital nutrient that provides the body with energy &#8230; <a title=\"FAQs\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/mpob.gov.my\/ms\/faqs\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about FAQs\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2096","page","type-page","status-publish"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mpob.gov.my\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2096","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mpob.gov.my\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mpob.gov.my\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mpob.gov.my\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mpob.gov.my\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2096"}],"version-history":[{"count":58,"href":"https:\/\/mpob.gov.my\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2096\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35618,"href":"https:\/\/mpob.gov.my\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2096\/revisions\/35618"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mpob.gov.my\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2096"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}